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Unit testing is the process of testing the smallest practical components of our code usually particular classes or methods in isolation from the rest of the application s implementation. Because unit tests are isolated from the rest of the code base, errors discovered at this level allow us to readily identify the specific code causing the problem, often to within a handful of lines of simple code. It also isolates the conditions in which the bug occurs; the developer creates all the inputs and tests the outputs of the logic for its results. A failing test can therefore lead to only three conclusions: The inputs to the code are incorrect. The assumptions of the test are incorrect. The code is incorrectly implemented. The first two points are easily checked, and will not vary from run to run, so the identification of the bug rarely takes long. You should write unit tests as you write code. As well as aiding you in tracking down implementation bugs, unit tests allow you much more scope for refactoring in code creation. Changes that break implementation logic will also break your unit tests. Fix these problems, and you can be confident that the application as a whole will still work as intended. The ability to refactor code at will allows you far greater freedom to tidy up implementation details, remove redundant code, and eliminate duplication from your code base, making support and further development far simpler.

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A communication protocol is a language spoken between the client and the server It defines the way the messages are sent and received so that with this message exchange you can keep your game state in sync You saw in the previous chapter that these messages are sent and received through PacketWriter and PacketReader class objects, respectively You can send or receive any kind of data with these classes, but you need to define a protocol so that this communication is done efficiently Suppose that you re playing a network game with a friend on the other side of the world and you suddenly pause the game You need to tell the other player somehow that you paused, and therefore his game must also pause, so that he doesn t obtain any advantage while you re on the toilet.

Unit tests can be written after you create each method or after you create each class. They should not be created after creating a batch of classes, because your memory of the specific implementation details will start to atrophy the longer you leave it. But creating tests after the code implementation is not the only option; you could also create the tests first. This technique of creating unit tests to test the code that you have not yet written is known as test-driven development and is one of the most successful parts of the various agile approaches. Designing the test in advance forces you to decide exactly how the code will behave before you start to write it, which in turn forces you to think more carefully about the most appropriate implementation. Although it is difficult to prove, it also seems to be the case that testable code is often better-designed code. Certainly, loosely coupled code is more easily testable, so the use of test-driven design will probably make your implementation more loosely coupled and thus more reusable.

How do you let the other player know that you paused, and how do you let him know when you return to the game In the case of Rock Rain, your protocol is simple Each message that you send to the other player is composed of a header with a character that explains which message is being sent, followed by the message itself In the case of pausing the game, the header is 'P' and the message is true or false, depending on the pause status So, when the player pauses, the header is 'P' and the message is true When the player resumes after the pause, the header is 'P' and the message is false.